# Madars Virza > Co-founder and Chief Scientist at Radius. Co-inventor of Zerocash, co-founder of Zcash. IEEE Test of Time Award. MIT PhD in Computer Science. Cryptographer and computer scientist. Research spans zero-knowledge proof systems, privacy-preserving payments, central bank digital currency, and verifiable computation. Cryptographic techniques from his research underpin core standards in Ethereum and secure billions of dollars in digital assets. ## Pages - [Madars Virza's homepage](https://madars.org/index.md): Bio, current role, and contact information - [Madars Virza's publications](https://madars.org/papers.md): Full list of peer-reviewed papers with links to PDFs - [Madars Virza's PhD thesis](https://madars.org/phd-thesis/index.md): "On deploying succinct zero-knowledge proofs" — Sprowls Award for Best MIT PhD Thesis in Computer Science - [Full context for LLMs](https://madars.org/llms-full.txt): Extended narrative with research descriptions, career context, and complete bibliography ## External - [Radius](https://www.radiustech.xyz/): Current company — payment network for the AI economy - [Madars Virza on Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=gNgWmKsAAAAJ): Citation profile and publication metrics - [Madars Virza on GitHub](https://github.com/madars): Open source contributions including libsnark - [Madars Virza on DBLP](https://dblp.org/pid/05/8397.html): Computer science bibliography record - [libsnark](https://github.com/scipr-lab/libsnark): C++ library for zk-SNARKs, co-authored by Virza ## Optional - [Madars Virza's homepage in Latvian](https://madars.org/lv/index.md): Latvian translation of homepage - [Madars Virza's publications in Latvian](https://madars.org/lv/raksti.md): Latvian translation of publications page - [Madars Virza on LinkedIn](https://www.linkedin.com/in/madars) - [Madars Virza on ORCID](https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6831-9075) - [Zerocash project](http://zerocash-project.org/) - [Zcash](https://z.cash) Last updated: March 21, 2026 --- The following sections provide extended context about Madars Virza's research, career, and publications. ## Current role Virza is co-founder and Chief Scientist of Radius (https://www.radiustech.xyz/), a payment network for the AI economy. Radius is an EVM-compatible smart contract platform designed for high-throughput parallel transaction processing with sub-second settlement. The team brings decades of experience in cryptographic systems, digital currency, and high-assurance financial infrastructure. ## Zerocash and Zcash Virza co-invented Zerocash and co-founded Zcash, the first cryptocurrency to provide strong transaction privacy using zero-knowledge proofs. The Zerocash paper (Ben-Sasson, Chiesa, Garman, Green, Miers, Tromer, Virza — IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy 2014) received the IEEE Test of Time Award at the 2024 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, recognizing "a broad and lasting impact on both research and practice in computer security and privacy." Zcash launched in 2016 and introduced shielded transactions using zk-SNARKs to the cryptocurrency ecosystem. ## libsnark Virza co-authored libsnark, the first widely deployed C++ library for zk-SNARKs (zero-knowledge succinct non-interactive arguments of knowledge). libsnark became the foundational implementation for practical zero-knowledge proof systems. It was developed as part of the SCIPR Lab collaboration (Succinct Computational Integrity and Privacy Research). libsnark's cryptographic techniques now underpin core standards in Ethereum and secure billions of dollars in digital assets. ## Central bank digital currency At MIT's Digital Currency Initiative (DCI), Virza worked on high-performance transaction processing and privacy-enhancing technologies for central bank digital currency systems. - PArSEC: Executing Smart Contracts in Parallel (Lovejoy, Brownworth, Virza, Narula — Federal Reserve Bank of Boston and MIT DCI, 2023). A parallelized architecture for scalably executing smart contracts, designed for central bank digital currency applications. Supports Ethereum smart contracts in a centralized setting. - Enhancing the Privacy of a Digital Pound (Torres Vives, Virza, Youngblom, Calabia, Vaughan, Said, Mundakkal, Mullings — Bank of England and MIT DCI, December 2024). Explored how privacy-enhancing technologies including zero-knowledge proofs, multi-party computation, and pseudonymous identifiers could strengthen a potential UK central bank digital currency. Published jointly by the Bank of England and MIT DCI. ## Zero-knowledge proof systems Virza's research on zero-knowledge proof systems spans theory, systems, and deployment, from the first practical zk-SNARK implementations to transparent proof systems requiring no trusted setup. - SNARKs for C: Verifying Program Executions Succinctly and in Zero Knowledge (Ben-Sasson, Chiesa, Genkin, Tromer, Virza — CRYPTO 2013). The first system for verifying executions of C programs in zero knowledge, establishing the practicality of general-purpose zk-SNARKs. Introduced TinyRAM, a minimal instruction set architecture designed for efficient verification. - Succinct Non-Interactive Zero Knowledge for a von Neumann Architecture (Ben-Sasson, Chiesa, Tromer, Virza — USENIX Security 2014). Extended zk-SNARKs to handle arbitrary computations on a von Neumann architecture with random-access memory, enabling verification of realistic program executions without revealing inputs. - Scalable Zero Knowledge via Cycles of Elliptic Curves (Ben-Sasson, Chiesa, Tromer, Virza — CRYPTO 2014). Introduced the technique of using cycles of elliptic curves to achieve incrementally verifiable computation, enabling recursive proof composition where a proof can attest to the correctness of another proof. - Cluster Computing in Zero Knowledge (Chiesa, Tromer, Virza — EUROCRYPT 2015). Showed how to distribute zero-knowledge proof generation across a cluster of machines, addressing the computational bottleneck of proof generation for large computations. - Secure Sampling of Public Parameters for Succinct Zero Knowledge Proofs (Ben-Sasson, Chiesa, Green, Tromer, Virza — IEEE S&P 2015). Developed multi-party computation protocols for securely generating the structured reference strings required by zk-SNARKs, ensuring no single party can compromise the soundness of the proof system. - Quasi-Linear Size Zero Knowledge from Linear-Algebraic PCPs (Ben-Sasson, Chiesa, Gabizon, Virza — TCC 2016). Achieved quasi-linear proof sizes from linear-algebraic probabilistically checkable proofs. - On deploying succinct zero-knowledge proofs (Virza — MIT PhD thesis, 2017). Virza's doctoral thesis on practical deployment of zero-knowledge proof systems. Won the George M. Sprowls Award for Best MIT PhD Thesis in Computer Science. - Computational Integrity with a Public Random String from Quasi-Linear PCPs (Ben-Sasson, Bentov, Chiesa, Gabizon, Genkin, Hamilis, Pergament, Riabzev, Silberstein, Tromer, Virza — EUROCRYPT 2017). Moved toward transparent proof systems requiring only a public random string rather than a trusted setup. - Aurora: Transparent Succinct Arguments for R1CS (Ben-Sasson, Chiesa, Riabzev, Spooner, Virza, Ward — EUROCRYPT 2019). A transparent zero-knowledge proof system based on algebraic techniques, requiring no trusted setup. Provides succinct arguments for Rank-1 Constraint Systems (R1CS), the standard representation for arithmetic circuit satisfiability used widely in practice. ## Cryptocurrency and privacy - zkLedger: Privacy-Preserving Auditing for Distributed Ledgers (Narula, Vasquez, Virza — NSDI 2018). A system enabling auditors to verify properties of encrypted transactions on distributed ledgers — such as ensuring that assets balance — without seeing the underlying data. Uses Pedersen commitments and non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs. - Hamilton: A High-Performance Transaction Processor for Central Bank Digital Currencies (Lovejoy, Virza, Fields, Karwaski, Brownworth, Narula — NSDI 2023). Built a transaction processor designed for the full scale of the U.S. economy as part of Project Hamilton, a collaboration between MIT DCI and the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston. The system safeguards Americans' privacy by minimizing data retention in the system core. Open-sourced as OpenCBDC. ## Cryptanalysis - Cryptanalysis of Curl-P and Other Attacks on the IOTA Cryptocurrency (Heilman, Narula, Tanzer, Lovejoy, Colavita, Virza, Dryja — IACR Transactions on Symmetric Cryptology 2020). Identified critical cryptographic vulnerabilities in the IOTA cryptocurrency's custom hash function Curl-P, demonstrating practical collision attacks and showing that the function did not provide the security properties claimed by its designers. ## AI ethics and election security - Interventions over Predictions: Reframing the Ethical Debate for Actuarial Risk Assessment (Barabas, Virza, Dinakar, Ito, Zittrain — ACM FAT* 2018). Examined the ethical implications of predictive algorithms in the criminal justice system, arguing that the debate should focus on interventions rather than prediction accuracy. - An Open Letter to the Members of the Massachusetts Legislature Regarding the Adoption of Actuarial Risk Assessment Tools in the Criminal Justice System (Barabas, Bavitz, Budish, Dinakar, Dwork, Gasser, Hessekiel, Ito, Rivest, Virza, Zittrain — Berkman Klein Center, Harvard University). Co-signed with Ron Rivest, Cynthia Dwork, Jonathan Zittrain, and others, warning Massachusetts legislators about risks of deploying predictive risk tools in criminal justice. - Software Independence Revisited (Rivest, Virza — in Real-World Electronic Voting: Design, Analysis and Deployment, CRC Press 2016). With Ron Rivest. Revisited the concept of software independence in voting systems — the principle that an undetected change in software should not cause an undetectable change in election outcomes. ## Quantum computation and complexity Before focusing on cryptography, Virza worked in quantum computing theory with Andris Ambainis at the University of Latvia. - Quantum Strategies Are Better Than Classical in Almost Any XOR Game (Ambainis, Bačkurs, Balodis, Kravchenko, Ozols, Smotrovs, Virza — ICALP 2012). Proved that quantum strategies outperform classical strategies in almost all XOR games, extending earlier results that held only for specific classes of games. - Sensitivity versus Block Sensitivity of Boolean Functions (Virza — Information Processing Letters 2011). Improved the best known separation between sensitivity and block sensitivity of Boolean functions, constructing functions with bs(f) = ½s(f)² + ½s(f), improving a bound of Rubinstein (1995). This result was cited in the eventual proof of the Sensitivity Conjecture by Huang (2019), which resolved a major open problem in theoretical computer science. ## Computational linguistics - Angļu-latviešu statistiskās mašīntulkošanas sistēmas izveide: metodes, resursi un pirmie rezultāti (Skadiņa, Virza, Pretkalniņa — Baltistica, 11th International Congress of Balticists). Early work on building an English-Latvian statistical machine translation system. ## Career trajectory - 2007–2011: Undergraduate at University of Latvia; quantum computing theory with Andris Ambainis. - 2011–2017: PhD at MIT, advised by Ron Rivest. Foundational zk-SNARK research: libsnark, Zerocash, SNARKs for C. - 2016: Co-founded Zcash. - 2017–2025: Research Scientist at MIT DCI. Project Hamilton, Digital Pound privacy research, zkLedger. - 2025–present: Co-founder and Chief Scientist at Radius. ## Education - Ph.D. in Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. Advised by Ron Rivest. Thesis: "On deploying succinct zero-knowledge proofs." George M. Sprowls Award for Best MIT PhD Thesis in Computer Science. - S.M. in Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. - B.Sc. in Computer Science, University of Latvia. Advised by Andris Ambainis. ## At MIT Virza was a Research Scientist at the MIT Media Lab, where he was part of the Digital Currency Initiative (DCI). At DCI, his work focused on high-performance transaction processing and privacy-enhancing technologies for digital currency systems, including Project Hamilton with the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston and the Digital Pound privacy research with the Bank of England. He was also part of Joi Ito's research group at the Media Lab, working on cryptocurrencies and the ethics of artificial intelligence. ## Key collaborators Frequent co-authors include Eli Ben-Sasson (Technion, StarkWare), Alessandro Chiesa (EPFL, formerly UC Berkeley), Eran Tromer (Boston University, formerly Tel Aviv University), Neha Narula (MIT DCI), Matthew Green (Johns Hopkins), Ian Miers (University of Maryland), Ron Rivest (MIT CSAIL), Jonathan Zittrain (Harvard), and Andris Ambainis (University of Latvia). ## Full publication list ### Cryptocurrency and privacy **[Zerocash: Decentralized Anonymous Payments from Bitcoin](https://madars.org/papers#zerocash)** Eli Ben-Sasson, Alessandro Chiesa, Christina Garman, Matthew Green, Ian Miers, Eran Tromer, **Madars Virza** IEEE S&P 2014 (35th IEEE Symposium on Security & Privacy) [PDF](https://madars.org/papers/2014-zerocash.pdf) | [extended version PDF](https://madars.org/papers/2014-zerocash-extended.pdf) | [ePrint](https://eprint.iacr.org/2014/349) | [slides](http://zerocash-project.org/media/slides/Zerocash-Oakland14-20140520.pdf) | [site](http://zerocash-project.org/) | [DOI](https://doi.org/10.1109/SP.2014.36) *IEEE Test of Time Award, 2024* **[zkLedger: Privacy-Preserving Auditing for Distributed Ledgers](https://madars.org/papers#zkledger)** Neha Narula, Willy Vasquez, **Madars Virza** NSDI 2018 (15th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation) [PDF](https://madars.org/papers/2018-zkledger.pdf) | [ePrint](https://eprint.iacr.org/2018/241) | [slides](https://www.usenix.org/sites/default/files/conference/protected-files/nsdi18_slides_narula.pdf) | [talk](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zpVc0p9RgFk) | [code](https://github.com/mit-dci/zkledger) **[Hamilton: A High-Performance Transaction Processor for Central Bank Digital Currencies](https://madars.org/papers#hamilton)** James Lovejoy, **Madars Virza**, Cory Fields, Kevin Karwaski, Anders Brownworth, Neha Narula NSDI 2023 (20th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation) [PDF](https://madars.org/papers/2023-hamilton.pdf) | [talk](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0wVxexxMhrM) ### Central bank digital currency **[PArSEC: Executing Smart Contracts in Parallel](https://madars.org/papers#parsec)** James Lovejoy, Anders Brownworth, **Madars Virza**, Neha Narula Federal Reserve Bank of Boston and MIT Digital Currency Initiative [PDF](https://madars.org/papers/2023-parsec.pdf) | [site](https://www.dci.mit.edu/projects/parallelized-architecture-for-scalably-executing-smart-contracts-parsec) | [code](https://github.com/mit-dci/opencbdc-tx/tree/trunk/src/parsec) **[Enhancing the Privacy of a Digital Pound](https://madars.org/papers#digital-pound)** Gabriela Torres Vives, **Madars Virza**, Reuben Youngblom, F. Christopher Calabia, Nick Vaughan, Zaki Said, Cinoj Mundakkal, Shantel Mullings Bank of England and MIT Digital Currency Initiative [PDF](https://madars.org/papers/2024-digital-pound.pdf) | [site](https://www.dci.mit.edu/projects/enhancing-the-privacy-of-a-digital-pound) ### Zero-knowledge proof systems **[SNARKs for C: Verifying Program Executions Succinctly and in Zero Knowledge](https://madars.org/papers#snarks-for-c)** Eli Ben-Sasson, Alessandro Chiesa, Daniel Genkin, Eran Tromer, **Madars Virza** CRYPTO 2013 (33rd International Cryptology Conference) [PDF](https://madars.org/papers/2013-snarks-for-c-extended.pdf) | [ePrint](https://eprint.iacr.org/2013/507) | [talk](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nS3smRAfUd8) | [DOI](https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40084-1_6) **[TinyRAM architecture specification, v2.000](https://madars.org/papers#tinyram)** Eli Ben-Sasson, Alessandro Chiesa, Daniel Genkin, Eran Tromer, **Madars Virza** Technical report [PDF](https://madars.org/papers/2013-tinyram.pdf) **[Succinct Non-Interactive Arguments for a von Neumann Architecture](https://madars.org/papers#vntinyram)** Eli Ben-Sasson, Alessandro Chiesa, Eran Tromer, **Madars Virza** USENIX Security 2014 (23rd USENIX Security Symposium) [PDF](https://madars.org/papers/2014-vntinyram.pdf) | [extended version PDF](https://madars.org/papers/2014-vntinyram-extended.pdf) | [ePrint](https://eprint.iacr.org/2013/879) | [slides](https://www.usenix.org/sites/default/files/conference/protected-files/sec14_slides_ben-sasson.pdf) | [talk](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jRDiNI883HM) **[Scalable Zero Knowledge via Cycles of Elliptic Curves](https://madars.org/papers#recursive-snark-cycles)** Eli Ben-Sasson, Alessandro Chiesa, Eran Tromer, **Madars Virza** CRYPTO 2014 (34th International Cryptology Conference) [PDF](https://madars.org/papers/2014-recursive-snark-cycles-extended.pdf) | [ePrint](https://eprint.iacr.org/2014/595) | [DOI](https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44381-1_16) *Invited to a special issue of Algorithmica* **[Cluster computing in zero knowledge](https://madars.org/papers#cluster-zk)** Alessandro Chiesa, Eran Tromer, **Madars Virza** EUROCRYPT 2015 (34th Annual International Conference on the Theory and Applications of Cryptographic Techniques) [PDF](https://madars.org/papers/2015-cluster-zk-extended.pdf) | [ePrint](https://eprint.iacr.org/2015/377) | [DOI](https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-46803-6_13) **[Secure sampling of public parameters for succinct zero knowledge proofs](https://madars.org/papers#secure-sampling)** Eli Ben-Sasson, Alessandro Chiesa, Matthew Green, Eran Tromer, **Madars Virza** IEEE S&P 2015 (36th IEEE Symposium on Security & Privacy) [PDF](https://madars.org/papers/2015-secure-sampling.pdf) | [DOI](https://doi.org/10.1109/SP.2015.25) **[Quasi-Linear Size Zero Knowledge from Linear-Algebraic PCPs](https://madars.org/papers#quasi-linear-zk)** Eli Ben-Sasson, Alessandro Chiesa, Ariel Gabizon, **Madars Virza** TCC 2016-A (13th International Conference on Theory of Cryptography) [PDF](https://madars.org/papers/2016-quasi-linear-zk.pdf) | [ePrint](https://eprint.iacr.org/2016/021) | [DOI](https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49099-0_2) **[Computational integrity with a public random string from quasi-linear PCPs](https://madars.org/papers#stark)** Eli Ben-Sasson, Iddo Bentov, Alessandro Chiesa, Ariel Gabizon, Daniel Genkin, Matan Hamilis, Evgenya Pergament, Michael Riabzev, Mark Silberstein, Eran Tromer, **Madars Virza** EUROCRYPT 2017 (36th Annual International Conference on the Theory and Applications of Cryptographic Techniques) [PDF](https://madars.org/papers/2017-stark.pdf) | [ePrint](https://eprint.iacr.org/2016/646) | [DOI](https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56617-7_19) **[On deploying succinct zero-knowledge proofs](https://madars.org/papers#thesis)** **Madars Virza** Ph.D. thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology [PDF](https://madars.org/phd-thesis/Madars-Virza-thesis-20170831.pdf) | [thesis page](https://madars.org/phd-thesis/) *George M. Sprowls Award for Best MIT Ph.D. Thesis in Computer Science* **[Aurora: Transparent Succinct Arguments for R1CS](https://madars.org/papers#aurora)** Eli Ben-Sasson, Alessandro Chiesa, Michael Riabzev, Nicholas Spooner, **Madars Virza**, Nicholas P. Ward EUROCRYPT 2019 (38th Annual International Conference on the Theory and Applications of Cryptographic Techniques) [PDF](https://madars.org/papers/2019-aurora-extended.pdf) | [ePrint](https://eprint.iacr.org/2018/828) | [DOI](https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-17653-2_4) ### Cryptanalysis **[Cryptanalysis of Curl-P and Other Attacks on the IOTA Cryptocurrency](https://madars.org/papers#curl-p)** Ethan Heilman, Neha Narula, Garrett Tanzer, James Lovejoy, Michael Colavita, **Madars Virza**, Tadge Dryja ToSC 2020 (IACR Transactions on Symmetric Cryptology) [PDF](https://madars.org/papers/2020-curl-p.pdf) | [ePrint](https://eprint.iacr.org/2019/344) | [talk](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CpUlFyg2-UI) | [DOI](https://doi.org/10.13154/tosc.v2020.i3.367-391) ### AI ethics & election security **[Software Independence Revisited](https://madars.org/papers#sw-independence)** Ronald L. Rivest, **Madars Virza** Real-World Electronic Voting: Design, Analysis and Deployment (F. Hao and P. Y. A. Ryan, eds.), CRC Press, 2016 [PDF](https://madars.org/papers/2016-sw-independence.pdf) **[An Open Letter to the Members of the Massachusetts Legislature Regarding the Adoption of Actuarial Risk Assessment Tools in the Criminal Justice System](https://madars.org/papers#massachusetts-risk-assessment-letter)** Chelsea Barabas, Christopher Bavitz, Ryan Budish, Karthik Dinakar, Cynthia Dwork, Urs Gasser, Kira Hessekiel, Joichi Ito, Ronald L. Rivest, **Madars Virza**, Jonathan Zittrain Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society [PDF](https://madars.org/papers/2017-massachusetts-risk-assessment-letter.pdf) | [site](https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/34372582) **[Interventions over Predictions: Reframing the Ethical Debate for Actuarial Risk Assessment](https://madars.org/papers#interventions)** Chelsea Barabas, **Madars Virza**, Karthik Dinakar, Joichi Ito, Jonathan Zittrain FAT* 2018 (1st Conference on Fairness, Accountability and Transparency) [PDF](https://madars.org/papers/2018-interventions.pdf) ### Quantum computation & complexity **[Sensitivity versus block sensitivity of Boolean functions](https://madars.org/papers#sensitivity)** **Madars Virza** Information Processing Letters 111(9), 2011 [PDF](https://madars.org/papers/2011-sensitivity.pdf) | [arXiv](https://arxiv.org/abs/1008.0521) | [DOI](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipl.2011.02.001) **[Advantage of Quantum Strategies in Random Symmetric XOR Games](https://madars.org/papers#random-xor)** Andris Ambainis, Jānis Iraids, Dmitry Kravchenko, **Madars Virza** MEMICS 2012 (8th Doctoral Workshop on Mathematical and Engineering Methods) [PDF](https://www.lu.lv/fileadmin/user_upload/lu_portal/projekti/datorzinatnes_pielietojumi/publikacijas/Ambainis_12_2.pdf) | [Springer PDF](https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-642-36046-6_7) | [DOI](https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36046-6_7) **[Quantum strategies are better than classical in almost any XOR game](https://madars.org/papers#xor-games)** Andris Ambainis, Artūrs Bačkurs, Kaspars Balodis, Dmitry Kravchenko, Raitis Ozols, Juris Smotrovs, **Madars Virza** ICALP 2012 (39th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages and Programming; earlier version presented at QIP 2012 poster session) [PDF](https://www.lu.lv/fileadmin/user_upload/lu_portal/projekti/datorzinatnes_pielietojumi/publikacijas/Ambainis_11_2.pdf) | [Springer PDF](https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-642-31594-7_3) | [arXiv](https://arxiv.org/abs/1112.3330) | [DOI](https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31594-7_3) **[On symmetric nonlocal games](https://madars.org/papers#symmetric-nonlocal)** Andris Ambainis, Dmitry Kravchenko, Nikolay Nahimov, Alexander Rivosh, **Madars Virza** Theoretical Computer Science 494, 2013 [Elsevier](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcs.2013.03.011) | [DOI](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcs.2013.03.011) **[Worst case analysis of non-local games](https://madars.org/papers#worst-case-nonlocal)** Andris Ambainis, Artūrs Bačkurs, Kaspars Balodis, Agnis Škuškovniks, Juris Smotrovs, **Madars Virza** SOFSEM 2013 (39th International Conference on Current Trends in Theory and Practice of Computer Science) [PDF](https://www.lu.lv/fileadmin/user_upload/lu_portal/projekti/datorzinatnes_pielietojumi/publikacijas/Ambainis_12_4.pdf) | [Springer PDF](https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-642-35843-2_12) | [arXiv](https://arxiv.org/abs/1112.2856) | [DOI](https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35843-2_12) ### Computational linguistics **[Angļu-latviešu statistiskās mašīntulkošanas sistēmas izveide: metodes, resursi un pirmie rezultāti](https://madars.org/papers#mt-en-lv)** Inguna Skadiņa, **Madars Virza**, Lauma Pretkalniņa Baltistica (11th International Congress of Balticists) [PDF](https://madars.org/papers/2012-mt-en-lv.pdf) | [DOI](https://doi.org/10.15388/baltistica.0.8.2118)